at Penn. The university is probably best well known as the place where the first general-purpose electronic computer (ENIAC) was born in 1946 at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering.[66] It was here also where the world's first spelling and grammar checkers were created, as well as the popular COBOL programming language.[66] Penn can also boast some of the most important discoveries in the field of medicine. The dialysis machine used as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function was conceived and devised out of a pressure cooker by William Inouye while he was still a student at Penn Med;[67] the Rubella and Hepatitis B vaccines were developed at Penn;[67][68] the discovery of cancer's link with genes, cognitive therapy, Retin-A (the cream used to treat acne), Resistin, the Philadelphia gene (linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia), and the technology behind PET Scans were all discovered by Penn Med researchers.[67] More recent gene research has led to the discovery of the genes for fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited mental retardation, Kennedy's disease, a disorder marked by progressive muscle and bulbar atrophy, and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the hands, feet, and limbs.[67] Conductive polymer was also developed at Penn by Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa, an invention that earned them the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Ralph L. Brinster, on faculty since 1965, developed the scientific basis for in vitro fertilization and the transgenic mouse at Penn. The theory of superconductivity was also partly developed at Penn, by then faculty member John Robert Schrieffer (along with John Bardeen and Leon Cooper). The university has also contributed major advancements in the fields of economics and management. Among the many discoveries are conjoint analysis, widely used as a predictive tool especially in market research, Simon Kuznets's method of measuring Gross National Product,[69] the Penn effect (the observation that consumer price levels in richer countries are systematically higher than in poorer ones), and the "Wharton Model"[70] developed by Nobel-laurete Lawrence Klein to measure and forecast economic activity. The idea behind Health Maintenance Organizations also belonged to Penn professor Robert Eilers, who put it into practice during then President Nixon's health reform in the 1970s.[69]
Rankings[edit]
University rankings
National
ARWU[71] 12
Forbes[72] 11
U.S. News & World Report[73] 7
Washington Monthly[74] 21
Global
ARWU[75] 14
QS[76] 13
Times[77] 15
General rankings
According to U.S. News & World Report Penn is currently ranked 7th in the United States (tied with Duke and MIT), behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, The University of Chicago and Stanford.[78] U.S. News also includes Penn in its Most Popular National Universities list,[79] and so does The Princeton Review in its Dream Colleges list.[80]
In their latest editions Penn was ranked 13th in the world by the QS World University Rankings,[81] 14th by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities,[82] and 15th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[83] According to
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Rankings[edit]
University rankings
National
ARWU[71] 12
Forbes[72] 11
U.S. News & World Report[73] 7
Washington Monthly[74] 21
Global
ARWU[75] 14
QS[76] 13
Times[77] 15
General rankings
According to U.S. News & World Report Penn is currently ranked 7th in the United States (tied with Duke and MIT), behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, The University of Chicago and Stanford.[78] U.S. News also includes Penn in its Most Popular National Universities list,[79] and so does The Princeton Review in its Dream Colleges list.[80]
In their latest editions Penn was ranked 13th in the world by the QS World University Rankings,[81] 14th by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities,[82] and 15th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[83] According to